🔹SY BA English
🔹Maharani shree nandkumar arts and commerce college
🔹Major 6
🔹Insiya ma'am
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Home assignment
◼️History of Translation
Introduction
Translation is one of the oldest human activities. From the moment different groups of people began speaking different languages, the need for translation was born. Translation is not only about converting words from one language into another but also about transferring culture, ideas, and values across time and space. The history of translation shows how societies have communicated, exchanged knowledge, and built connections between civilizations.
◾1. Translation in Ancient Civilizations
The earliest evidence of translation comes from Mesopotamia and Egypt. Clay tablets dating back to the second millennium BCE contain bilingual texts, which were used to teach and preserve languages.
Egypt: Religious texts like the Book of the Dead were translated into different dialects so more people could understand them.
Mesopotamia: Akkadian and Sumerian texts were translated to preserve law, trade agreements, and myths.
Hebrew Bible: Around the 3rd century BCE, Jewish scholars in Alexandria translated the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek. This version, called the Septuagint, is one of the most important early translations in world history because it allowed Greek-speaking communities to access Jewish religious traditions.
◾2. Translation in Classical Antiquity
In Greece and Rome, translation became an art form.
Greek Civilization: Greek scholars translated works from Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other regions. They believed translation was a way of preserving wisdom.
Roman Civilization: Romans translated Greek literature, philosophy, and science into Latin. Writers like Cicero and Horace discussed translation methods. Cicero preferred a “sense-for-sense” method, focusing on meaning instead of literal words. This debate between word-for-word and sense-for-sense translation began here and continues even today.
◾3. Translation in the Medieval Period
During the Middle Ages, translation became crucial for religion, education, and science.
Christianity: The Bible was translated into Latin by St. Jerome in the 4th century CE. His work, called the Vulgate, became the official version of the Catholic Church for centuries.
Islamic Golden Age (8th–13th century): Scholars in Baghdad translated Greek, Persian, and Indian texts into Arabic. This included works of philosophy, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. Later, these Arabic texts were translated into Latin in Spain, bringing knowledge back to Europe.
Medieval Europe: Translation was central to education in monasteries. Many classical works survived only because they were translated into Latin and later into European vernacular languages.
◾4. Translation in the Renaissance and Early Modern Period
The Renaissance (14th–17th centuries) brought a revival of learning and translation.
Classical Greek and Roman texts were translated into modern European languages, spreading knowledge beyond scholars to the general population.
Printing technology made translations more accessible.
The Bible was translated into many local languages, such as Martin Luther’s German Bible (1522), which shaped both religion and language development in Europe.
Translators like Etienne Dolet in France and William Tyndale in England emphasized clarity, natural expression, and cultural adaptation.
◾5. Translation in the 18th and 19th Centuries
This period saw translation as part of national identity and literature.
Romanticism: Translators emphasized creativity, believing that translation should reflect the spirit and style of the original author.
Germany: Thinkers like Goethe and Schleiermacher shaped modern translation theory. Schleiermacher suggested two main methods:
Bringing the author to the reader (making it easy and natural).
Bringing the reader to the author (keeping foreign elements to preserve originality).
Colonial expansion also increased translation activities. European powers translated local texts to understand cultures, while colonized societies translated European works to modernize their education and literature.
◾6. Translation in the 20th Century
ThWrite the English idiom / proverb
1. Break the ice – વાતચીત શરૂ કરવી / સંકોચ દૂર કરવો
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Class assignment
2. Add fuel to the fire – આગમાં ઘી રેડવું
3. Kick the bucket – મરી જવું / જીવ છોડી દેવું
4. The ball is in your court – હવે નિર્ણય તમારો છે
5. When pigs fly – ક્યારેય ન થનાર ઘટના
6. Once in a blue moon – બહુ જ ભાગ્યે જ / અતિ દુર્લભ
7. Let the cat out of the bag – રહસ્ય ફાશ કરી દેવું
8. A piece of cake – બહુ સરળ / સહેલાઈથી થતું કામ
9. Don’t cry over spilled milk – થયેલું નુકસાન પર પસ્તાવો ન કરવો
Give the literal translation in hindi /gujarati
1. Break the ice
Hindi: बर्फ तोड़ना
Gujarati: બરફ તોડવો
2. Add fuel to the fire
Hindi: आग में घी डालना
Gujarati: આગમાં ઘી ઉમેરવું
3. Kick the bucket
Hindi: बाल्टी को लात मारना
Gujarati: ડોલને લાત મારવી
4. The ball is in your court
Hindi: गेंद तुम्हारे मैदान में है
Gujarati: બોલ હવે તારાં મેદાનમાં છે
5. When pigs fly
Hindi: जब सूअर उड़ेंगे
Gujarati: જ્યારે ડુક્કર ઊડશે
6. Once in a blue moon
Hindi: नीले चाँद में एक बार
Gujarati: વાદળી ચાંદમાં એક વાર
7. Let the cat out of the bag
Hindi: थैले से बिल्ली को बाहर निकालना
Gujarati: થેલીમાંથી બિલાડી બહાર કાઢવી
8. A piece of cake
Hindi: केक का एक टुकड़ा
Gujarati: કેકનો એક ટુકડો
9. Don’t cry over spilled milk
Hindi: गिरे हुए दूध पर मत रोओ
Gujarati: વળી ગયેલા દૂધ પર રડશો નહીં
◾Give the equivalence idiom in Hindi & Gujarati
🔹1. Break the ice
Literal translation in Hindi – बर्फ तोड़ना
Literal translation in Gujarati – બરફ તોડવો
Equivalent idiom in Hindi – बातचीत शुरू करना
Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – વાતચીત શરૂ કરવી
🔹2. Add fuel to the fire
Literal translation in Hindi – आग में घी डालना
Literal translation in Gujarati – આગમાં ઘી ઉમેરવું
Equivalent idiom in Hindi – स्थिति को और खराब करना
Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – પરિસ્થિતિ વધુ ખરાબ કરવી
🔹3. Kick the bucket
Literal translation in Hindi – बाल्टी को लात मारना
Literal translation in Gujarati – ડોલને લાત મારવી
Equivalent idiom in Hindi – मर जाना
Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – મરી જવું
🔹4. The ball is in your court
Literal translation in Hindi – गेंद आपके कोर्ट में है
Literal translation in Gujarati – બોલ તમારા મેદાનમાં છે
Equivalent idiom in Hindi – अब आपकी बारी है
Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – હવે તમારી વારો છે
🔹5. When pigs fly
Literal translation in Hindi – जब सूअर उड़ेंगे
Literal translation in Gujarati – જ્યારે ડુકર ઉડશે
Equivalent idiom in Hindi – कभी नहीं
Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – ક્યારેય નહિ
🔹6. Once in a blue moon
Literal translation in Hindi – बहुत ही कम
Literal translation in Gujarati – ખૂબ જ ઓછું
Equivalent idiom in Hindi – बहुत दुर्लभ
Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – બહુ દુર્લભ
🔹7. Let the cat out of the bag
Literal translation in Hindi – रहस्य उजागर करना
Literal translation in Gujarati – રહસ્ય બહાર પાડવું
Equivalent idiom in Hindi – भेद खोल देना
Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – રહસ્ય ફાશ કરી દેવું
🔹8. A piece of cake
Literal translation in Hindi – बहुत आसान
Literal translation in Gujarati – બહુ સહેલું
Equivalent idiom in Hindi – बेहद सरल
Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – ખૂબ જ સરળ
🔹9. Don’t cry over spilled milk
Literal translation in Hindi – बर्बाद चीज़ पर रोना बेकार है
Literal translation in Gujarati – બગડી ગયેલી વસ્તુ માટે રડવું વ્યર્થ છે
Equivalent idiom in Hindi – जो गया सो गया
⬛ Translate the following paragraph
"Post Office." In the grey sky of early dawn stars still glowed, as happy memories light up a life that is nearing its close. An old man was walking through the town, now and again drawing his tattered clothes tighter to shield his body from the cold and biting wind. From some houses came the sound of grinding mills, and the sweet voices of women singing at their work, and the sounds helped him along his lonely way. Except for the occasional bark of a dog, the distant steps of a workman going early to work, or the screech of a bird disturbed before its time, the whole town was wrapped in deathly silence. Most of its inhabitants were still in the arms of sleep, the sleep which grew more and more profound on account of the intense winter cold; for the cold used sleep to extend its sway over all things even as a false friend lulls his chosen victim with caressing smiles. The old man, shivering at times but fixed on purpose, plodded on till he came out of the town-gate onto a straight road. Along this he now went at a somewhat slower pace, supporting himself on his old staff. “
⬛ Post Office." (ગુજરાતીમાં અર્થાનુવાદ)
સવારના ધુમ્મસાળ આકાશમાં હજી તારા ચમકી રહ્યા હતા, જેમ કે મીઠી યાદો જીવનના અંત સમયે પ્રકાશ ફેલાવે છે. એક વૃદ્ધ માણસ શહેરમાંથી પસાર થઈ રહ્યો હતો. તે ક્યારેક તેની ફાટેલી ચાદર વધુ કસીને ઓઢતો, જેથી કડક ઠંડી અને કટકટતી પવનથી પોતાને બચાવી શકે. ક્યાંક ક્યાંક ઘરોમાંથી જાંબુડિયા ચક્કીઓના ઘસારા અને સ્ત્રીઓના કામ કરતી વખતે ગાતા મીઠા સ્વરો સંભળાતા, જે અવાજો તેને તેના એકાંતના માર્ગમાં સહારો આપતા.
ક્યારેક માત્ર કૂતરાના ભસવાનો અવાજ, કોઈ મજૂર વહેલી સવારે કામ પર જતા પગલાં, અથવા કોઈ પક્ષી સમય પહેલાં ચીસ પાડે તે સિવાય આખું શહેર મૌન લાગતું. મોટા ભાગના લોકો હજી ઊંઘની ગોડમાં હતા, એ ઊંઘ જે ઠંડી વધવાથી વધારે ઊંડી થતી જાય. કડક ઠંડી ઊંઘને બધે પ્રસરી દેતી, જાણે ખોટો મિત્ર મીઠી સ્મિત સાથે શિકારને ફસાવે તેમ.
વૃદ્ધ માણસ ક્યારેક થરથર કાંપતો, પરંતુ મનમાં નિશ્ચયથી આગળ વધતો રહ્યો. તે ધીમે ધીમે ચાલતો શહેરના દરવાજા સુધી પહોંચ્યો અને સીધી રસ્તે આવ્યો. અહીંથી તેણે થોડું ધીમું પગલું લીધું અને પોતાના જુના લાકડીના ટેકે આગળ વધ્યો.
⬛. “Three Neighbours” The seth and Ram are waking; the whole world’s calling; The burdens of the earth with the saviour’s birth are falling. Sounds of the morning, Birds twittering in the morning, Drown out Makor’s hungry howl. Ram is in his forest dwelling; the seth in his palace home. Temple gongs and trumpet sounds of revelry are blown. Makor faints to her death. The millstone sings of death. A lone black crow laments her gone
⬛ ત્રણ પડોશી” (Three Neighbours)
સેથ અને રામ જાગી રહ્યા છે; આખી દુનિયા બોલાવી રહી છે.
ત્રાણકર્તાના જન્મ સાથે, ધરતીના દુઃખ-ભાર ઉતરી રહ્યા છે.
સવારના અવાજો,
પંખીઓના ચહકારા,
માકોરના ભૂખ્યા રોદનને દબાવી દે છે.
રામ પોતાના જંગલવાસમાં છે; સેથ પોતાના મહેલમાં છે.
મંદિરનાં ઘંટ અને નગારા આનંદના નાદ ગુંજાવે છે.
માકોર તો ભૂખથી બેભાન થઈને મૃત્યુ પામે છે.
જાંબુડિયાની ચક્કી મૃત્યુનો ગીત ગાય છે.
એકલો કાળો કાગડો તેની વિદાય પર શોક કરે છે.
⬛ "The Heart Seeks" The heart seeks again, those nights and days Sitting for long, with my imaginings at play In summer night's easterlies Staying awake in white sheets Star-gazing in the terrace, stretched on our feet
“હૃદય શોધે છે” (The Heart Seeks)
હૃદય ફરી શોધે છે, એ રાતો અને એ દિવસો,
જ્યાં હું લાંબા સમય સુધી બેસી રહેતો, કલ્પનાઓ સાથે રમતો.
ઉનાળાની રાતની પૂર્વ પવનોમાં...
સફેદ ચાદરોમાં જાગતા રહેવું,
છત પર તારાઓ નિહાળતા,
અપણા પગ લંબાવીને પથરાઈને પડ્યા હોવું.
⬛ “Kabuliwala” Mini’s mother is naturally a timid person. Whenever she hears a slight noise from the street, she thinks all the tipplers of the world are rushing together towards our house. After living for so many years in this world (though not many), she has still not been able to temper her fear that the world is full of all kinds of horrors: thieves, robbers, drunkards, snakes, tigers, malaria, cockroaches and European soldiers.
⬛. “કાબુલિવાલા” (ગુજરાતીમાં અનુવાદ)
મિનીની માતા સ્વભાવથી જ ભીતરણી (ભીંસાણ) સ્ત્રી છે.
રસ્તામાંથી થોડો પણ અવાજ આવે તો તેને લાગે કે દુનિયાના બધા દારુડા એકસાથે અમારા ઘરની તરફ દોડી રહ્યા છે.
દુનિયામાં કેટલાય વર્ષ જીવ્યા પછી પણ (જોકે બહુ વર્ષ નથી થયા),
તેના મનનો ડર હજી સુધી ઓછો થયો નથી કે આ દુનિયા બધા પ્રકારના ભયોથી ભરેલી છે:
ચોર, લૂંટારુ, દારુડા, સાપ, વાઘ, મલેરીયા, તિલચટ્ટા અને યુરોપિયન સિપાહી.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Essay
◼️ Translation Studies and Digitalization: Why Humans are Needed for Translation
◾1. Introduction
Translation is one of the oldest human activities, essential for communication between cultures and communities. Over time, Translation Studies has developed as an academic discipline that not only examines how translation is done, but also studies its history, theory, and cultural significance.
In the 21st century, the rise of digitalization has completely changed the way translation is practiced. With the help of machine translation (MT), artificial intelligence (AI), and computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, translation has become faster, more accessible, and widely used across the globe.
However, while technology has provided speed and efficiency, it has also raised important questions about quality, cultural meaning, and human involvement. This assignment explores the impact of digitalization on Translation Studies and explains why humans are still essential in the process of translation.
◾2. Translation Studies in the Digital Era
Translation Studies traditionally focused on the comparison of source and target texts, the role of the translator, and the theories behind language transfer. Today, the field is strongly influenced by digitalization, which has brought several changes:
◾1. Machine Translation (MT): Tools like Google Translate, Bing Translator, and DeepL allow instant translation of large texts.
◾2. CAT Tools: Professional translators use software like SDL Trados and MemoQ, which provide translation memory, terminology databases, and editing assistance.
◾3. Digital Platforms: Social media, e-commerce, and international business all depend on real-time translation to reach global audiences.
◾4. Localization: Digitalization requires not only translation but also localization, which adapts content to cultural and regional needs (e.g., apps, websites, video games).
Digitalization has therefore expanded the role of translators, making them not just language experts but also technology users, cultural mediators, and editors of machine-generated texts.
◾3. Advantages of Digitalization in Translation
Digitalization provides many benefits:
Speed and Efficiency: Machines can translate thousands of words in seconds.
Cost Reduction: Free and low-cost tools make translation affordable.
Global Communication: Barriers between languages are reduced in education, business, and social interaction.
Consistency: CAT tools ensure uniform use of terminology across large projects.
Accessibility: Anyone with internet access can now translate, even without professional training.
These advantages show why digitalization is a powerful aid in Translation Studies.
◾4. Limitations of Digital Translation
Despite its benefits, digital translation has serious limitations:
Lack of Context: Machines often translate word-for-word without understanding meaning.
Cultural Insensitivity: Idioms, humor, and metaphors are mistranslated.
Errors in Specialized Fields: In law, medicine, and technical subjects, even small mistakes can have dangerous results.
Over-Reliance on Machines: Users may accept incorrect translations without checking accuracy.
These issues highlight the continued importance of human translators.
◾5. Why Humans are Needed for Translation
Even in the digital age, humans remain central to translation for several reasons:
🔹(a) Cultural Understanding
Language is not just words—it reflects culture, traditions, and emotions. Machines cannot interpret proverbs, sarcasm, or double meanings effectively.
Example: The Gujarati proverb “ઊંટના મોં માં જીરું” literally means “a cumin seed in a camel’s mouth,” but the real meaning is “too little for too much.” Only a human translator can capture this sense.
🔹(b) Creativity and Literature
Poetry, novels, films, and advertisements require creativity, style, and emotional impact. Machines cannot create metaphors or capture beauty in literature.
🔹(c) Accuracy in Professional Fields
Legal, medical, and technical documents require absolute precision. A mistranslation of one term can cause financial or health risks. Humans provide careful and responsible translation.
🔹(d) Ethical Judgment
Some texts are sensitive (religious, political, social). A human translator can decide the best way to translate them without offending cultural values.
🔹(e) Post-Editing and Quality Control
Even when machine translation is used, professional human translators are required to post-edit the text, correct mistakes, and ensure natural flow.
?
◾6. The Future: Human-Machine Collaboration
The future of translation is not about machines replacing humans but about collaboration:
Machines will handle speed, volume, and repetitive tasks.
Humans will provide creativity, cultural sensitivity, and quality control.
Translation will increasingly involve localization, transcreation, and editing, where human skills remain central.
This shows that digitalization is a tool, not a replacement for human translators.
---
◾7. Conclusion
Translation Studies has been transformed by digitalization, offering faster, cheaper, and more efficient tools. However, translation is not only a technical process but also a cultural and human activity. Machines can assist, but they cannot fully replace the sensitivity, creativity, and responsibility of human translators.
Thus, the future of translation lies in human-machine cooperation, where digital tools increase efficiency and humans ensure accuracy, beauty, and cultural understanding.
No comments:
Post a Comment