Iks assignment

🔹Parmar Khushi j

🔹SY BA English 

🔹Maharani shree nandkuvarba art and commerce college 

🔹Iks 

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                Class assignment 

◾Topic: Dhvani Theory of Ānandavardhana

🔹Introduction

Indian literary criticism has a rich and unique heritage. Among the various theories of poetics, the Dhvani theory proposed by Ānandavardhana (9th century CE) is considered revolutionary. He explained that the true essence of poetry lies not merely in words (śabda) or literal meaning (artha), but in what is suggested (dhvani). This theory brought a new dimension to aesthetics and became the foundation for later scholars like Abhinavagupta.

🔹Meaning of Dhvani

The word Dhvani literally means sound, resonance, or echo.

In poetics, it means the suggestive power of words beyond their direct and figurative meanings.

According to Ānandavardhana, poetry (kāvya) achieves its highest beauty only through this suggestion (vyañjanā śakti).

🔹Background

Earlier thinkers like Bharata (Nāṭyaśāstra) emphasized Rasa as the soul of poetry.

Later, Bhamaha and Dandin discussed figures of speech (alaṅkāra) as central to poetry.

Ānandavardhana criticized this view, saying that mere ornamentation cannot create great poetry.

In his work Dhvanyāloka, he systematically presented Dhvani theory.

◾Types of Dhvani

Ānandavardhana classifies Dhvani into three types:

🔹1. Vastu-dhvani (suggestion of idea/concept)

When poetry suggests something beyond the literal meaning of words.

Example: Indirectly praising a king by describing a lion.

🔹2. Alaṅkāra-dhvani (suggestion of figures of speech)

When suggestion highlights an alaṅkāra (metaphor, simile, etc.).

Example: "The moon of your face rises in the sky of my heart." (suggesting metaphor).

🔹3. Rasa-dhvani (suggestion of aesthetic experience)

Considered the highest form of Dhvani.

When poetry suggests an emotion (rasa) that touches the reader’s soul.

Example: A verse describing separation may evoke karuṇa-rasa (pathos) beyond words.

◾Vyañjanā: The Power of Suggestion

Ānandavardhana explains that suggestion works through a unique power of language called Vyañjanā.

Just as words have abhidhā (denotation) and lakṣaṇā (connotation), they also have vyañjanā (suggestion).

This vyañjanā makes poetry subtle, deep, and emotionally powerful.

◾Importance of Rasa in Dhvani Theory

For Ānandavardhana, the ultimate aim of poetry is the realization of Rasa.

Rasa-dhvani is superior because it provides an aesthetic experience (rasānubhava), not just intellectual meaning.

Thus, Rasa becomes the soul of poetry, while Dhvani is the vehicle through which it is expressed.

Example (Illustration)

A famous verse:

"Her face is pale, eyes wet, lips trembling… though she utters no word, her silence speaks of sorrow."

Literal meaning → She is silent.

Suggested meaning (Dhvani) → Her silence expresses deep grief, evoking karuṇa-rasa.

◾Impact and Contribution

🔹1. Ānandavardhana shifted focus from ornamentation to essence of poetry.

🔹2. His theory gave rise to aesthetic criticism centered on emotions and experience.

🔹3. Abhinavagupta, in his commentary Locana, elaborated and defended the Dhvani theory.

🔹4. Modern scholars call it the most original contribution of Sanskrit poetics.

◾Conclusion

Ānandavardhana’s Dhvani Theory transformed Indian poetics by highlighting the role of suggestion and aesthetic experience. While figures of speech, meter, and grammar are important, the true soul of poetry lies in what is suggested and emotionally realized. This makes poetry not just a collection of words, but a medium of spiritual and aesthetic 

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                          Essay 

◼️Topic: Vakrokti Theory of Kuntaka

◾Introduction

Among the many schools of Indian poetics, Vakrokti theory proposed by Kuntaka (10th century CE) holds a significant place. His work Vakroktijīvita (“Life of Poetry is Oblique Expression”) presents the idea that the true beauty of poetry lies in Vakratā – a unique style of expression that deviates from the ordinary.

While Ānandavardhana emphasized Dhvani (suggestion), Kuntaka emphasized Vakrokti (oblique/creative expression). This brought an important stylistic dimension to Sanskrit literary criticism.

◾Meaning of Vakrokti

Vakra = crooked, indirect, deviated.

Ukti = expression, utterance.

Hence, Vakrokti means a mode of expression which is different from ordinary speech.

For Kuntaka, poetic language must be distinct, novel, artistic, not flat or straightforward.

◾Central Idea

The soul of poetry is not just meaning (artha) or figures (alaṅkāra), but Vakrokti.

It makes expression charming, creative, and fresh.

Just as Ānandavardhana said “Dhvani is soul of poetry”, Kuntaka said “Vakrokti is soul of poetry”.

◾Levels of Vakrokti

Kuntaka explains Vakrokti at six levels, showing how deviation and creativity can appear at different stages of poetic composition:

🔹1. Varṇavinyāsa-vakratā (Phonetic obliqueness)

Beauty achieved through arrangement of sounds, alliteration, rhyme, repetition.

Example: A verse where repetition of soft syllables creates a tender

 mood.

🔹2. Pada-pūrvārddha-vakratā (Lexical obliqueness)

Beauty of expression at the level of words.

Use of rare, sweet, or unusual words instead of ordinary vocabulary.

SEC assignment

 🔹Parmar Khushi j.

🔹SY BA English 

🔹Maharani shree nandkuvarba art and commerce college 

🔹SEC 

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                 Home assignment 

◼️How to Create a Blog

In the digital age, blogging has emerged as a powerful tool for sharing information, expressing opinions, building communities, and even earning income. A blog is essentially an online journal or informational website where individuals or groups can post content regularly. Whether you're passionate about travel, fashion, food, technology, or education, blogging offers a platform to reach a global audience.

Creating a blog can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right steps and tools, anyone can become a successful blogger. This guide outlines the essential steps required to start your own blog — from choosing a niche to promoting your content.

 ◾ Introduction to Blogging

🔹Step 1 – Choose a Niche and Purpose

The first and most crucial step in creating a blog is deciding what your blog will be about. This is known as choosing a niche. Your niche should align with your passion, knowledge, and the interests of your target audience. Common blog niches include:

Travel

Food and recipes

Technology and gadgets

Personal development

Fashion and beauty

Education and study tips

Health and fitness

It's important to ask yourself:

Why do I want to blog?

Who is my target audience?

What unique value can I provide?

Having a clear purpose will help you stay consistent and relevant as you create content.

🔹Step 2 – Select a Blogging Platform and Domain Name

Once your niche is decided, the next step is to choose a blogging platform. Some of the most popular platforms include:

WordPress.org – Most powerful and flexible (recommended for long-term bloggers)

Blogger – Simple and free (owned by Google)

Wix or Squarespace – Drag-and-drop website builders

Medium – Great for writers, but limited in customization

After choosing a platform, you’ll need a domain name — this is your blog’s address on the web (e.g., www.mytravelblog.com). A good domain name is:

Short and memorable

Easy to spell and type

Related to your niche

Unique and professional

You can register your domain name through services like GoDaddy, Namecheap, or through your hosting provider.

Web Hosting is also essential for WordPress blogs. Bluehost, SiteGround, and Hostinger are common hosting services.

🔹Step 3 – Design and Create Your Blog

Once your domain and platform are set up, it’s time to design your blog and create your first content. Here’s how:

Choose a Theme or Template

Most blogging platforms offer a variety of free and premium themes. Pick a design that’s:

Clean and easy to navigate

Mobile-responsive

Aligned with your content style

Install Essential Plugins (for WordPress)

Plugins add functionality to your blog. Useful plugins include:

Yoast SEO – for search engine optimization

Jetpack – for security and performance

Contact Form 7 – for contact forms

Google Analytics – to track visitor behavior

Create Key Pages

Every blog should include:

Home page – Welcomes visitors

About page – Introduces you and your blog’s purpose

Contact page – Offers ways to get in touch

Blog page – Lists all your posts

Write Your First Blog Post

Your first post can be an introduction or a full article on a topic. Tips:

Use catchy headlines

Write in simple, engaging language

Add images and headings

Proofread before publishing

🔹 Step 4 – Promote and Grow Your Blog

Creating content is only half the work. To build an audience, you need to promote your blog:

Use Social Media

Share your blog posts on platforms 

Social media helps drive traffic and build a loyal following.

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

SEO helps your blog appear in search engine results:

Use keywords related to your topic

Write descriptive titles and meta descriptions

Use internal and external links

Optimize images with ALT tags

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◾Email Marketing

Build an email list using services like Mailchimp or ConvertKit. Send newsletters with your latest posts to keep readers engaged.

Network with Other Bloggers

Comment on other blogs, collaborate, and guest post. This increases your visibility and credibility.

Track and Improve

Use tools like Google Analytics to monitor:

How many visitors you get

Where they come from

What content they read most

Use this data to improve future blog posts.

🎯 Conclusion

Starting a blog is a journey of learning, creativity, and persistence. While it may take time to grow your audience, consistent effort and valuable content can lead to success. Whether your goal is to educate, entertain, or inspire, blogging offers an incredible platform for self-expression and professional development.

With the steps outlined above — choosing your niche, setting up the blog, creating quality content, and promoting it effectively — you can confidently launch your blogging journey. Happy blogging!

 

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                              Essay 

◾Climate Change and Its Impact on Future Generations

Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century, and its consequences extend far beyond the present day. It refers to long-term alterations in global temperatures, weather patterns, and ecosystems caused primarily by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions. While current generations are already witnessing its impacts, the burden on future generations is expected to be far greater if urgent measures are not taken.

One of the most significant ways climate change will affect future generations is through rising global temperatures. According to scientific predictions, the Earth’s average temperature could rise by 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century. This may sound small, but even a slight increase will intensify heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires. These events will make it harder for people to access clean water, grow crops, and maintain stable living conditions.

Another major impact is the rise in sea levels caused by melting glaciers and polar ice caps. Coastal communities are particularly vulnerable, as many cities around the world may face flooding and displacement. Future generations may inherit a world where millions of people become climate refugees, forced to leave their homes and livelihoods behind. This migration crisis could trigger economic instability and political conflicts.

Climate change will also disrupt ecosystems and biodiversity. Species extinction is accelerating as habitats disappear due to warming oceans, deforestation, and pollution. Future generations may grow up in a world where iconic animals like polar bears, tigers, and coral reefs exist only in history books. The loss of biodiversity will also weaken ecosystems that provide essential services such as pollination, soil fertility, and clean air.

Health risks are another serious concern. Rising temperatures will increase the spread of infectious diseases, while air pollution will worsen respiratory problems. Children born in the coming decades will face higher risks of asthma, heart diseases, and malnutrition due to food insecurity. The mental health impact of climate-related disasters, such as losing homes and loved ones, will also take a toll on future societies.

Economically, climate change will impose heavy costs on future generations. Damage to infrastructure from extreme weather events, loss of agricultural productivity, and healthcare burdens will strain economies worldwide. Countries that are already poor will struggle even more, leading to global inequality. The younger generation may face limited job opportunities and lower standards of living compared to previous generations.

Despite these alarming challenges, there is still hope. If current generations take responsibility today, the worst consequences can be mitigated. Transitioning to renewable energy, protecting forests, reducing plastic waste, and promoting sustainable lifestyles can make a difference. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to ensure that future generations inherit a livable planet.

In conclusion, climate change is not just an environmental issue; it is a moral responsibility. The actions we take today will shape the quality of life for those who come after 

us. Future generations deserve a world where clean air, fresh water, and fertile lands are guaranteed. The time to act is now, for the sake of the children and grandchildren who will inherit this planet.

Major 7 assignment

🔹 Parmar khushi j.

🔹 SY BA English

🔹Maharani shree

🔹nandkuvarba art and commerce college 

🔹Major 7

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              Home assignment

 

◼️Gujarati Word English Meaning

અસ્તિત્વ Existence

અભિપ્રાય Opinion

અનુસંધાન Research / Investigation

અનુક્રમણિકા Index

અભ્યાસવ્રત Academic discipline

આત્મસાત Assimilation

આરંભશીલ Initiative / Enterprising

આલેખન Illustration / Drawing

ઉલ્લેખનીય Noteworthy

ઉદ્ઘાટન Inauguration

ઉદ્દીપન Stimulation

ઉદ્ભવ Origin

ઊર્મિ Wave / Impulse

ઋણાનુબંધ Karmic bond / Debt connection

કષ્ટસાધ્ય Difficult to accomplish

કૌટુંબિક Familial

કથાશૈલી Narrative style

કાવ્યમય Poetic

કિર્તિસ્વરૂપ Glorious form

ક્રિયાપ્રતિક્રિયા Action and reaction

ગર્ભિત Implicit / Contained

ગંભીરતા Seriousness

ગૂઢતત્વ Esoteric principle

ઘાતક Lethal

ચિંતનશીલ Thoughtful

ચિંતામણી Wish-fulfilling gem (metaphorically: problem solver)

ચિરણ Ancient verse / poetic foot

ચતુષ્પદ Quadruped or stanza (poetry)

છંદશાસ્ત્ર Prosody (poetic meter)

જાતિવાદ Casteism

નિર્વિકલ્પ Unconditional / Without doubt

નિર્ધારણ Determination

નિર્માણશીલ Creative

નિષ્કર્ષ Conclusion

નિભાવવું To fulfill (a role/duty)

નૈતિકતા Ethics

નમ્રતા Humility

પદાર્થવિજ્ઞાન Physics

પરિભાષા Definition

પરિપ્રેક્ષ્ય Perspective / Context

પાટવી Throne / Authority

પીઢતા Maturity

પ્રબોધન Awakening / Awareness

પ્રતિબિંબ Reflection

પ્રતિષ્ઠા Prestige

પ્રતિસાદ Response

પ્રતિક્રિયા Reaction

પ્રતીક Symbol

પ્રેરણા Inspiration

પ્રેરક Motivator

પ્રૌઢિ Expertise / Maturity

બોધપ્રદ Enlightening

બાહ્યજગત External world

ભ્રમણ Wandering

ભ્રમર Bumblebee (symbolic in poetry)

ભૌતિકશાસ્ત્ર Physics

માનવતાવાદ Humanism

માનસિકતા Mentality

મૌલિક Original

મૌનવિચાર Silent contemplation

મીમાંસા Philosophical inquiry

યથાર્થ Realistic / Actual

યાત્રાધામ Pilgrimage site

યુગદ્રષ્ટા Visionary of the era

રાષ્ટ્રીયતા Nationalism

રોચક Interesting

રક્ષણશીલ Protective

રચનાત્મક Constructive

લયબદ્ધ Rhythmic

લઘુમતિ Minority opinion

લાવણ્યમય Graceful

લાવારિસ Unclaimed / Abandoned

વેદનાત્મક Emotional

વાણીછંદસ Poetic speech

વર્તમાન Present (time)

વૈચારિક Intellectual

વૈજ્ઞાનિક Scientific

વિશ્લેષણ Analysis

વિશિષ્ટ Distinguished

વ્યાખ્યા Explanation

વ્યાખ્યાતા Orator / Lecturer

વ્યાજવિહીન Interest-free

વ્યાવસાયિક Professional

શૂન્યતા Emptiness / Void

શ્રમસાધ્ય Labor-intensive

શૈક્ષણિક Educational

શાસ્ત્રીય Classical / Scholarly

સંવેદના Sensitivity

સંકલ્પ Resolution / Determination

સંલગ્ન Associated

સંવેદનશીલ Sensitive

સંગઠિત Organized

સંશોધન Research

સંજ્ઞા Term / Name

સમર્થન Support

સમર્થનશીલ Supportive

સક્રિય Active

સત્યશોધન Quest for truth

સાહિત્યપ્રેમી Literature lover

સાહિત્યમંડળ Literary circle

હેતુપ્રેરિત Intentional

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       Class assignment 

◼️શીર્ષક: સ્નાતકોત્સવ કાર્યક્રમરિપોર્ટ

અમારા કોલેજમાં 25 જુલાઈ 2025ના રોજ સ્નાતકોત્સવ યોજાયો હતો. આ કાર્યક્રમનું આયોજન કોલેજના સંસ્કૃતિક વિભાગ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું. કાર્યક્રમમાં મુખ્ય મહેમાન તરીકે જાણીતા શિક્ષણવિદ્ ડૉ. અરવિંદ પટેલ ઉપસ્થિત રહ્યા હતા.

કાર્યક્રમની શરૂઆત દીપ પ્રાગટ્ય અને વંદે માતરમ્ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવી. ત્યારબાદ, પ્રિન્સિપાલ શ્રીમતી શિલ્પાબેન ત્રિવેદીએ વિદ્યાર્થી જીવન અને ભવિષ્યના માર્ગદર્શન વિષે નિભાવયુક્ત પ્રવચન આપ્યું. ડૉ. અરવિંદ પટેલે વિદ્યાર્થીઓને તેમના જીવનના લક્ષ્યાંકો માટે પ્રેરણા આપતી વાતો કરી.

કોલેજના શ્રેષ્ઠ વિદ્યાર્થીને પ્રમાણપત્ર અને મેડલ આપવામાં આવ્યો. છેલ્લે કલ્ચરલ કાર્યક્રમ યોજાયો જેમાં વિદ્યાર્થીઓએ ગીત, નૃત્ય અને નાટક રજૂ કર્યું.

આ કાર્યક્રમ સફળતાપૂર્વક પૂર્ણ થયો અને તમામ મહેમાનો તથા વિદ્યાર્થીઓએ તેનું આનંદ માણ્યો.

રિપોર્ટ તૈયાર કરનાર:

પ્રિયંકા જોશી

(અન્ય વિધાર્થી પ્રતિનિધિ)

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                    Essay 

 

 ◼️English Translation of the College Report

Title: Graduation Ceremony Report

The graduation ceremony was held at our college on 25th July 2025. The event was organized by the college's cultural department. Renowned educationist Dr. Arvind Patel was present as the chief guest.

The program began with lamp lighting and the national song Vande Mataram. Following that, the principal, Mrs. Shilpa Trivedi, delivered a meaningful speech about student life and future guidance. Dr. Arvind Patel gave an inspiring talk encouraging students to pursue their life goals.

The best student of the college was awarded a certificate and a medal. At the end, a cultural program was held, where students performed songs, dances, and a play.

The event concluded successfully, and all guests and students enjoyed it thoroughly.

Report Prepared By:

Priyanka Joshi

(Student Representative)

📝 Essay Title: The Role of Technology in Modern Education

◾Introduction:

In the 21st century, education has undergone a dramatic transformation due to the influence of technology. From digital classrooms to AI-based learning tools, the integration of technology in education has redefined how students learn and teachers teach. This essay explores the various ways in which technology has contributed to making education more accessible, efficient, and engaging.

🔹Impact on Accessibility:

Technology has broken down geographical and economic barriers in education. Online platforms such as Coursera, Khan Academy, and edX provide free or affordable access to quality education to millions across the world. Students from remote areas or underprivileged backgrounds can now attend virtual classes and access learning materials anytime, anywhere.

🔹Improved Learning Methods:

Modern technology has introduced innovative teaching methods such as interactive videos, simulations, and gamified learning. These tools not only make learning more engaging but also help in better understanding of complex topics. Smartboards, virtual labs, and augmented reality apps are being increasingly used in schools and colleges to enhance practical knowledge.

🔹Teacher-Student Collaboration:

Platforms like Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams, and Zoom have improved communication and collaboration between teachers and students. Assignments, feedback, and discussions can now happen in real-time, creating a more connected and dynamic learning environment.

🔹Challenges and Limitations:

Despite its advantages, technology in education has its challenges. Not all students have access to high-speed internet or digital devices. There are also concerns regarding data privacy, screen addiction, and the reduction of face-to-face social interaction. Hence, it is essential to balance digital learning with traditional methods.

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🔹Conclusion:

Technology has become an integral part of modern education. While it brings numerous benefits, responsible use and equal access must be ensured. As technology continues to evolve, educators and policymakers must work together to create an inclusive, adaptive, and balanced educational system that prepares students for the future.

Major 6 assignment

 🔹parmar khushi j.

🔹SY BA English 

🔹Maharani shree nandkumar arts and commerce college 

🔹Major 6

🔹Insiya ma'am 

____________________________________________________________________________________________

                    Home assignment 

 

                                         

◼️History of Translation

Introduction

Translation is one of the oldest human activities. From the moment different groups of people began speaking different languages, the need for translation was born. Translation is not only about converting words from one language into another but also about transferring culture, ideas, and values across time and space. The history of translation shows how societies have communicated, exchanged knowledge, and built connections between civilizations.

◾1. Translation in Ancient Civilizations

The earliest evidence of translation comes from Mesopotamia and Egypt. Clay tablets dating back to the second millennium BCE contain bilingual texts, which were used to teach and preserve languages.

Egypt: Religious texts like the Book of the Dead were translated into different dialects so more people could understand them.

Mesopotamia: Akkadian and Sumerian texts were translated to preserve law, trade agreements, and myths.

Hebrew Bible: Around the 3rd century BCE, Jewish scholars in Alexandria translated the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek. This version, called the Septuagint, is one of the most important early translations in world history because it allowed Greek-speaking communities to access Jewish religious traditions.

◾2. Translation in Classical Antiquity

In Greece and Rome, translation became an art form.

Greek Civilization: Greek scholars translated works from Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other regions. They believed translation was a way of preserving wisdom.

Roman Civilization: Romans translated Greek literature, philosophy, and science into Latin. Writers like Cicero and Horace discussed translation methods. Cicero preferred a “sense-for-sense” method, focusing on meaning instead of literal words. This debate between word-for-word and sense-for-sense translation began here and continues even today.

◾3. Translation in the Medieval Period

During the Middle Ages, translation became crucial for religion, education, and science.

Christianity: The Bible was translated into Latin by St. Jerome in the 4th century CE. His work, called the Vulgate, became the official version of the Catholic Church for centuries.

Islamic Golden Age (8th–13th century): Scholars in Baghdad translated Greek, Persian, and Indian texts into Arabic. This included works of philosophy, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. Later, these Arabic texts were translated into Latin in Spain, bringing knowledge back to Europe.

Medieval Europe: Translation was central to education in monasteries. Many classical works survived only because they were translated into Latin and later into European vernacular languages.

◾4. Translation in the Renaissance and Early Modern Period

The Renaissance (14th–17th centuries) brought a revival of learning and translation.

Classical Greek and Roman texts were translated into modern European languages, spreading knowledge beyond scholars to the general population.

Printing technology made translations more accessible.

The Bible was translated into many local languages, such as Martin Luther’s German Bible (1522), which shaped both religion and language development in Europe.

Translators like Etienne Dolet in France and William Tyndale in England emphasized clarity, natural expression, and cultural adaptation.

◾5. Translation in the 18th and 19th Centuries

This period saw translation as part of national identity and literature.

Romanticism: Translators emphasized creativity, believing that translation should reflect the spirit and style of the original author.

Germany: Thinkers like Goethe and Schleiermacher shaped modern translation theory. Schleiermacher suggested two main methods:

Bringing the author to the reader (making it easy and natural).

Bringing the reader to the author (keeping foreign elements to preserve originality).

Colonial expansion also increased translation activities. European powers translated local texts to understand cultures, while colonized societies translated European works to modernize their education and literature.

◾6. Translation in the 20th Century

ThWrite the English idiom / proverb 

1. Break the ice – વાતચીત શરૂ કરવી / સંકોચ દૂર કરવો

____________________________________________________________________________________________

                   Class assignment 

2. Add fuel to the fire – આગમાં ઘી રેડવું

3. Kick the bucket – મરી જવું / જીવ છોડી દેવું

4. The ball is in your court – હવે નિર્ણય તમારો છે

5. When pigs fly – ક્યારેય ન થનાર ઘટના

6. Once in a blue moon – બહુ જ ભાગ્યે જ / અતિ દુર્લભ

7. Let the cat out of the bag – રહસ્ય ફાશ કરી દેવું

8. A piece of cake – બહુ સરળ / સહેલાઈથી થતું કામ

9. Don’t cry over spilled milk – થયેલું નુકસાન પર પસ્તાવો ન કરવો

Give the literal translation in hindi /gujarati

1. Break the ice

Hindi: बर्फ तोड़ना

Gujarati: બરફ તોડવો

2. Add fuel to the fire

Hindi: आग में घी डालना

Gujarati: આગમાં ઘી ઉમેરવું

3. Kick the bucket

Hindi: बाल्टी को लात मारना

Gujarati: ડોલને લાત મારવી

4. The ball is in your court

Hindi: गेंद तुम्हारे मैदान में है

Gujarati: બોલ હવે તારાં મેદાનમાં છે

5. When pigs fly

Hindi: जब सूअर उड़ेंगे

Gujarati: જ્યારે ડુક્કર ઊડશે

6. Once in a blue moon

Hindi: नीले चाँद में एक बार

Gujarati: વાદળી ચાંદમાં એક વાર

7. Let the cat out of the bag

Hindi: थैले से बिल्ली को बाहर निकालना

Gujarati: થેલીમાંથી બિલાડી બહાર કાઢવી

8. A piece of cake

Hindi: केक का एक टुकड़ा

Gujarati: કેકનો એક ટુકડો

9. Don’t cry over spilled milk

Hindi: गिरे हुए दूध पर मत रोओ

Gujarati: વળી ગયેલા દૂધ પર રડશો નહીં

 ◾Give the equivalence idiom in Hindi & Gujarati 

🔹1. Break the ice

Literal translation in Hindi – बर्फ तोड़ना

Literal translation in Gujarati – બરફ તોડવો

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – बातचीत शुरू करना

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – વાતચીત શરૂ કરવી

🔹2. Add fuel to the fire

Literal translation in Hindi – आग में घी डालना

Literal translation in Gujarati – આગમાં ઘી ઉમેરવું

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – स्थिति को और खराब करना

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – પરિસ્થિતિ વધુ ખરાબ કરવી

🔹3. Kick the bucket

Literal translation in Hindi – बाल्टी को लात मारना

Literal translation in Gujarati – ડોલને લાત મારવી

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – मर जाना

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – મરી જવું

🔹4. The ball is in your court

Literal translation in Hindi – गेंद आपके कोर्ट में है

Literal translation in Gujarati – બોલ તમારા મેદાનમાં છે

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – अब आपकी बारी है

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – હવે તમારી વારો છે

🔹5. When pigs fly

Literal translation in Hindi – जब सूअर उड़ेंगे

Literal translation in Gujarati – જ્યારે ડુકર ઉડશે

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – कभी नहीं

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – ક્યારેય નહિ

🔹6. Once in a blue moon

Literal translation in Hindi – बहुत ही कम

Literal translation in Gujarati – ખૂબ જ ઓછું

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – बहुत दुर्लभ

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – બહુ દુર્લભ

🔹7. Let the cat out of the bag

Literal translation in Hindi – रहस्य उजागर करना

Literal translation in Gujarati – રહસ્ય બહાર પાડવું

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – भेद खोल देना

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – રહસ્ય ફાશ કરી દેવું

🔹8. A piece of cake

Literal translation in Hindi – बहुत आसान

Literal translation in Gujarati – બહુ સહેલું

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – बेहद सरल

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – ખૂબ જ સરળ

🔹9. Don’t cry over spilled milk

Literal translation in Hindi – बर्बाद चीज़ पर रोना बेकार है

Literal translation in Gujarati – બગડી ગયેલી વસ્તુ માટે રડવું વ્યર્થ છે

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – जो गया सो गया

                                                                  

⬛  Translate the following paragraph

 "Post Office." In the grey sky of early dawn stars still glowed, as happy memories light up a life that is nearing its close. An old man was walking through the town, now and again drawing his tattered clothes tighter to shield his body from the cold and biting wind. From some houses came the sound of grinding mills, and the sweet voices of women singing at their work, and the sounds helped him along his lonely way. Except for the occasional bark of a dog, the distant steps of a workman going early to work, or the screech of a bird disturbed before its time, the whole town was wrapped in deathly silence. Most of its inhabitants were still in the arms of sleep, the sleep which grew more and more profound on account of the intense winter cold; for the cold used sleep to extend its sway over all things even as a false friend lulls his chosen victim with caressing smiles. The old man, shivering at times but fixed on purpose, plodded on till he came out of the town-gate onto a straight road. Along this he now went at a somewhat slower pace, supporting himself on his old staff. “

 ⬛   Post Office." (ગુજરાતીમાં અર્થાનુવાદ)

સવારના ધુમ્મસાળ આકાશમાં હજી તારા ચમકી રહ્યા હતા, જેમ કે મીઠી યાદો જીવનના અંત સમયે પ્રકાશ ફેલાવે છે. એક વૃદ્ધ માણસ શહેરમાંથી પસાર થઈ રહ્યો હતો. તે ક્યારેક તેની ફાટેલી ચાદર વધુ કસીને ઓઢતો, જેથી કડક ઠંડી અને કટકટતી પવનથી પોતાને બચાવી શકે. ક્યાંક ક્યાંક ઘરોમાંથી જાંબુડિયા ચક્કીઓના ઘસારા અને સ્ત્રીઓના કામ કરતી વખતે ગાતા મીઠા સ્વરો સંભળાતા, જે અવાજો તેને તેના એકાંતના માર્ગમાં સહારો આપતા.

ક્યારેક માત્ર કૂતરાના ભસવાનો અવાજ, કોઈ મજૂર વહેલી સવારે કામ પર જતા પગલાં, અથવા કોઈ પક્ષી સમય પહેલાં ચીસ પાડે તે સિવાય આખું શહેર મૌન લાગતું. મોટા ભાગના લોકો હજી ઊંઘની ગોડમાં હતા, એ ઊંઘ જે ઠંડી વધવાથી વધારે ઊંડી થતી જાય. કડક ઠંડી ઊંઘને બધે પ્રસરી દેતી, જાણે ખોટો મિત્ર મીઠી સ્મિત સાથે શિકારને ફસાવે તેમ.

વૃદ્ધ માણસ ક્યારેક થરથર કાંપતો, પરંતુ મનમાં નિશ્ચયથી આગળ વધતો રહ્યો. તે ધીમે ધીમે ચાલતો શહેરના દરવાજા સુધી પહોંચ્યો અને સીધી રસ્તે આવ્યો. અહીંથી તેણે થોડું ધીમું પગલું લીધું અને પોતાના જુના લાકડીના ટેકે આગળ વધ્યો.

 

⬛.   “Three Neighbours” The seth and Ram are waking; the whole world’s calling; The burdens of the earth with the saviour’s birth are falling. Sounds of the morning, Birds twittering in the morning, Drown out Makor’s hungry howl. Ram is in his forest dwelling; the seth in his palace home. Temple gongs and trumpet sounds of revelry are blown. Makor faints to her death. The millstone sings of death. A lone black crow laments her gone 

⬛    ત્રણ પડોશી” (Three Neighbours)

સેથ અને રામ જાગી રહ્યા છે; આખી દુનિયા બોલાવી રહી છે.

ત્રાણકર્તાના જન્મ સાથે, ધરતીના દુઃખ-ભાર ઉતરી રહ્યા છે.

સવારના અવાજો,

પંખીઓના ચહકારા,

માકોરના ભૂખ્યા રોદનને દબાવી દે છે.

રામ પોતાના જંગલવાસમાં છે; સેથ પોતાના મહેલમાં છે.

મંદિરનાં ઘંટ અને નગારા આનંદના નાદ ગુંજાવે છે.

માકોર તો ભૂખથી બેભાન થઈને મૃત્યુ પામે છે.

જાંબુડિયાની ચક્કી મૃત્યુનો ગીત ગાય છે.

એકલો કાળો કાગડો તેની વિદાય પર શોક કરે છે.

⬛  "The Heart Seeks" The heart seeks again, those nights and days Sitting for long, with my imaginings at play In summer night's easterlies Staying awake in white sheets Star-gazing in the terrace, stretched on our feet 

“હૃદય શોધે છે” (The Heart Seeks)

હૃદય ફરી શોધે છે, એ રાતો અને એ દિવસો,

જ્યાં હું લાંબા સમય સુધી બેસી રહેતો, કલ્પનાઓ સાથે રમતો.

ઉનાળાની રાતની પૂર્વ પવનોમાં...

સફેદ ચાદરોમાં જાગતા રહેવું,

છત પર તારાઓ નિહાળતા,

અપણા પગ લંબાવીને પથરાઈને પડ્યા હોવું.

⬛   “Kabuliwala” Mini’s mother is naturally a timid person. Whenever she hears a slight noise from the street, she thinks all the tipplers of the world are rushing together towards our house. After living for so many years in this world (though not many), she has still not been able to temper her fear that the world is full of all kinds of horrors: thieves, robbers, drunkards, snakes, tigers, malaria, cockroaches and European soldiers.

  

⬛.  “કાબુલિવાલા” (ગુજરાતીમાં અનુવાદ)

મિનીની માતા સ્વભાવથી જ ભીતરણી (ભીંસાણ) સ્ત્રી છે.

રસ્તામાંથી થોડો પણ અવાજ આવે તો તેને લાગે કે દુનિયાના બધા દારુડા એકસાથે અમારા ઘરની તરફ દોડી રહ્યા છે.

દુનિયામાં કેટલાય વર્ષ જીવ્યા પછી પણ (જોકે બહુ વર્ષ નથી થયા),

તેના મનનો ડર હજી સુધી ઓછો થયો નથી કે આ દુનિયા બધા પ્રકારના ભયોથી ભરેલી છે:

ચોર, લૂંટારુ, દારુડા, સાપ, વાઘ, મલેરીયા, તિલચટ્ટા અને યુરોપિયન સિપાહી.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

                               Essay 

◼️ Translation Studies and Digitalization: Why Humans are Needed for Translation

◾1. Introduction

Translation is one of the oldest human activities, essential for communication between cultures and communities. Over time, Translation Studies has developed as an academic discipline that not only examines how translation is done, but also studies its history, theory, and cultural significance.

In the 21st century, the rise of digitalization has completely changed the way translation is practiced. With the help of machine translation (MT), artificial intelligence (AI), and computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, translation has become faster, more accessible, and widely used across the globe.

However, while technology has provided speed and efficiency, it has also raised important questions about quality, cultural meaning, and human involvement. This assignment explores the impact of digitalization on Translation Studies and explains why humans are still essential in the process of translation.

◾2. Translation Studies in the Digital Era

Translation Studies traditionally focused on the comparison of source and target texts, the role of the translator, and the theories behind language transfer. Today, the field is strongly influenced by digitalization, which has brought several changes:

◾1. Machine Translation (MT): Tools like Google Translate, Bing Translator, and DeepL allow instant translation of large texts.

◾2. CAT Tools: Professional translators use software like SDL Trados and MemoQ, which provide translation memory, terminology databases, and editing assistance.

◾3. Digital Platforms: Social media, e-commerce, and international business all depend on real-time translation to reach global audiences.

◾4. Localization: Digitalization requires not only translation but also localization, which adapts content to cultural and regional needs (e.g., apps, websites, video games).

Digitalization has therefore expanded the role of translators, making them not just language experts but also technology users, cultural mediators, and editors of machine-generated texts.

◾3. Advantages of Digitalization in Translation

Digitalization provides many benefits:

Speed and Efficiency: Machines can translate thousands of words in seconds.

Cost Reduction: Free and low-cost tools make translation affordable.

Global Communication: Barriers between languages are reduced in education, business, and social interaction.

Consistency: CAT tools ensure uniform use of terminology across large projects.

Accessibility: Anyone with internet access can now translate, even without professional training.

These advantages show why digitalization is a powerful aid in Translation Studies.

◾4. Limitations of Digital Translation

Despite its benefits, digital translation has serious limitations:

Lack of Context: Machines often translate word-for-word without understanding meaning.

Cultural Insensitivity: Idioms, humor, and metaphors are mistranslated.

Errors in Specialized Fields: In law, medicine, and technical subjects, even small mistakes can have dangerous results.

Over-Reliance on Machines: Users may accept incorrect translations without checking accuracy.

These issues highlight the continued importance of human translators.

◾5. Why Humans are Needed for Translation

Even in the digital age, humans remain central to translation for several reasons:

🔹(a) Cultural Understanding

Language is not just words—it reflects culture, traditions, and emotions. Machines cannot interpret proverbs, sarcasm, or double meanings effectively.

Example: The Gujarati proverb “ઊંટના મોં માં જીરું” literally means “a cumin seed in a camel’s mouth,” but the real meaning is “too little for too much.” Only a human translator can capture this sense.

🔹(b) Creativity and Literature

Poetry, novels, films, and advertisements require creativity, style, and emotional impact. Machines cannot create metaphors or capture beauty in literature.

🔹(c) Accuracy in Professional Fields

Legal, medical, and technical documents require absolute precision. A mistranslation of one term can cause financial or health risks. Humans provide careful and responsible translation.

🔹(d) Ethical Judgment

Some texts are sensitive (religious, political, social). A human translator can decide the best way to translate them without offending cultural values.

🔹(e) Post-Editing and Quality Control

Even when machine translation is used, professional human translators are required to post-edit the text, correct mistakes, and ensure natural flow.

?

◾6. The Future: Human-Machine Collaboration

The future of translation is not about machines replacing humans but about collaboration:

Machines will handle speed, volume, and repetitive tasks.

Humans will provide creativity, cultural sensitivity, and quality control.

Translation will increasingly involve localization, transcreation, and editing, where human skills remain central.

This shows that digitalization is a tool, not a replacement for human translators.

---

◾7. Conclusion

Translation Studies has been transformed by digitalization, offering faster, cheaper, and more efficient tools. However, translation is not only a technical process but also a cultural and human activity. Machines can assist, but they cannot fully replace the sensitivity, creativity, and responsibility of human translators.

Thus, the future of translation lies in human-machine cooperation, where digital tools increase efficiency and humans ensure accuracy, beauty, and cultural understanding.

Presentation

Presentation 

🔹Parmar khushi j.    

                                   

🔹SY BA English.                                                

                                           

🔹Maharani shree nandkumar arts and           commerce college.                                            

🌱The beauty of natur 

☁️🍀🌻    

    

     1) why nature is beautiful ?

▪️Nature shows us amazing colours, shapes and sounds.

▪️The green of trees.

▪️The blue of the sky.

▪️ The song of birds and the colours of flowers make life wonderful. 

 2) Example of nature's beuty 

▪️ Sunrise and sunset :- golden skies that inspire peace.

▪️ Mountains and rivers :- strong and calming.

▪️ Flowers and trees :- colourful and full of life.

3) why it is special ?

▪️ Reminds us to slow down enjoy simple things.

▪️ Inspire art, photography and poetry.

▪️ Connects us with nature and make us feel greatful.

 4) The sky 

▪️ The sky changes colour throughout the day .

 

▪️ It teaches us about change time and beauty.

 5) the sunset 

▪️ Sunset is one of the most magical moments of the day.

▪️ Colours - orange, Pink, purple, and golden.

▪️ People often watch sunset to relax and feel inspired.

🟫  Conclusion 

▪️ Nature is the greatest gift to humankind.

▪️ It's beauty gives us peace, happiness and inspiration.

▪️ Let us love and protect nature so it's beauty lasts forever.

▪️ End with thought 

    " Every sunset is an opportunity to reset and every sunrise begins a new hope.

      

AEC assaingment

AEC assaingment 

 🔹 Parmar khushi j

 🔹 Sy BA English 

 🔹 Maharani shree nandkuvarba arts and commerce college.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

            Home assignment 

 

Tense: Present Perfect Tense

 Page 1: Introduction to Present Perfect Tense

🔹 What is the Present Perfect Tense?

The Present Perfect Tense is used to express actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past and are still relevant to the present, or actions that started in the past and continue to the present.

🔹 Structure:

Affirmative Sentence:

Subject + has/have + past participle (V3) + object.

He/She/It uses has

I/You/We/They use have

Examples:

She has visited the museum.

I have eaten lunch already.

🔹Negative Sentence:

Subject + has/have + not + past participle (V3) + object.

Examples:

He has not finished his homework.

They have not seen that movie.

🔹Interrogative Sentence:

Has/Have + subject + past participle (V3) + object?

Examples:

Have you read this book?

Has she completed her project?

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              Class assignment 

Active: The teacher explains the lesson.

Subject: The teacher

Verb: explains

Object: the lesson

  🟫. Passive Voice

In passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed by the verb. The focus is on the action or the object, not the person doing it.

Structure: Object + Auxiliary Verb (be) + Past Participle + (by + Subject)

Example:

Passive: The lesson is explained by the teacher.

Subject: The lesson (receives the action)

: When and Why We Use Passive Voice

While active voice is often preferred for its clarity and strength, passive voice has its own importance and appropriate uses.

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When to Use Passive Voice

1. When the doer is unknown:

My phone was stolen. (We don’t know who stole it.)

2. When the doer is obvious or unimportant:

The streets are cleaned every morning. (It doesn’t matter who does it.)

3. When you want to emphasize the action or object:

The Constitution was signed in 1787. (Focus on the Constitution, not the signers.)

4. In scientific or technical writing:

The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment.

🟫. Why Use Passive Voice

To shift focus from the subject to the action or the result.

To maintain objectivity, especially in formal writing.

To avoid assigning blame or to be polite.

🟫. : Changing Sentences from Active to Passive

Let’s look at how to change sentences from active to passive across different tenses.

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Simple Present Tense

Active: She writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by her.

 🔹Simple Past Tense

Active: He painted the wall.

Passive: The wall was painted by him.

🔹Present Continuous Tense

Active: They are watching a movie.

Passive: A movie is being watched by them.

🔹Past Continuous Tense

Active: She was reading a book.

Passive: A book was being read by her.

🔹Present Perfect Tense

Active: He has completed the assignment.

Passive: The assignment has been completed by him.

🔹Past Perfect Tense

Active: They had built a house.

Passive: A house had been built by them.

🔹Future Tense (will)

Active: She will cook dinner.

Passive: Dinner will be cooked by her.

🟫. : Important Notes and Special Cases

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Modal Verbs in Passive Voice

Modal verbs like can, should, must, may, etc., can also be used in passive voice.

Examples:

Active: You must complete the project.

Passive: The project must be completed by you.

Active: He can solve the problem.

Passive: The problem can be solved by him.

 🟫. Imperative Sentences

To make passive voice from imperative sentences (commands or requests):

Active: Open the door.

Passive: Let the door be opened.

Active: Please help me.

Passive: You are requested to help me.

🔹. Sentences with Two Objects

Sometimes a sentence has two objects. In such cases, either object can become the subject of the passive voice.

Active: She gave him a gift.

Passive 1: He was given a gift (by her).

Passive 2: A gift was given to him (by her).

Both are correct, but the emphasis changes depending on what you make the subject.

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🔹. : Summary, Common Errors, and Practice

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                              Essay 

Reading Comprehension: Understanding What We Read

🟫. : Introduction to Reading Comprehension

Reading is more than just recognizing words on a page. It involves understanding, interpreting, and making meaning from what is read. This deeper process is known as reading comprehension. At its core, reading comprehension is the ability to process text, understand its meaning, and integrate it with what the reader already knows.

From early education through adulthood, reading comprehension plays a vital role in academic success, professional performance, and everyday communication. Whether one is reading a textbook, a news article, or an instruction manual, understanding the content is essential. Without comprehension, reading becomes a mechanical task with little value.

Reading comprehension is not a single skill but a complex process that includes vocabulary knowledge, the ability to make inferences, understanding context, recognizing the author’s purpose, and summarizing information. These skills can be taught, practiced, and improved over time, making reading comprehension both a teachable and learnable skill.

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🟫. : The Importance of Reading Comprehension

The significance of reading comprehension extends beyond academics. In school, students who comprehend well tend to perform better in all subjects—not just language arts. This is because nearly every subject requires some form of reading. Science experiments, historical texts, and even math problems often require students to read and understand detailed instructions and content.

Outside of school, comprehension affects daily life. Adults need strong reading comprehension skills to navigate health information, employment documents, legal agreements, and more. In a fast-paced, information-heavy society, being able to read and understand quickly and accurately is a valuable skill.

Moreover, comprehension contributes to critical thinking. When readers understand what they read, they can analyze arguments, compare different perspectives, and form their own opinions. This fosters independent thinking and better decision-making, both personally and professionally.

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🟫. : Common Challenges in Reading Comprehension

Many individuals struggle with reading comprehension for various reasons. One of the most common barriers is limited vocabulary. If a reader encounters too many unfamiliar words, it disrupts the flow and understanding of the text. Young readers, in particular, may find this discouraging.

Another challenge is poor focus or attention span. Comprehension requires concentration. If a reader is distracted or not fully engaged, they are less likely to understand the text. In today’s digital world, constant multitasking and screen time have made sustained focus more difficult.

Lack of background knowledge is another issue. Comprehension often depends on what the reader already knows. For example, someone with no knowledge of American history might struggle to understand a text about the Civil War, even if they can read the words fluently.

Other challenges include weak memory, difficulty making inferences, and trouble identifying the main idea. Some readers may also rush through texts, skimming instead of reading carefully, which leads to misunderstanding or missing important details.

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🟫. : Strategies to Improve Reading Comprehension

The good news is that reading comprehension can be improved with practice and the right strategies. One of the most effective methods is active reading, which means engaging with the text instead of passively reading it. This involves asking questions, making predictions, and summarizing as you go.

Pre-reading is another helpful strategy. Before starting a text, readers can look at headings, images, or summaries to get an idea of what the text is about. This activates prior knowledge and prepares the brain for new information.

Annotating the text—highlighting key points, underlining unfamiliar words, and writing notes in the margins—can also help readers engage more deeply. It forces them to slow down and think about what they’re reading.

Asking questions before, during, and after reading helps build comprehension. For example:

Before: What do I already know about this topic?

During: What is the author trying to say? Why did this event happen?

After: What did I learn? How does this connect to what I already know?

Graphic organizers like story maps, Venn diagrams, or cause-and-effect charts can also help readers organize and remember information. These tools are especially helpful for visual learners.

Lastly, building vocabulary through regular reading, word games, and using new words in context improves comprehension over time. The more words a reader knows, the easier it becomes to understand complex texts.

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🟫. : Conclusion and Lifelong Benefits

Reading comprehension is not just a skill for students; it's a lifelong asset. People who can read and understand effectively are better equipped to learn new skills, adapt to changes, and participate fully in society. From understanding medical instructions to interpreting news and making informed decisions, comprehension empowers individuals in countless ways.

For educators and parents, fostering reading comprehension means creating an environment where reading is valued, diverse texts are available, and discussion about reading is encouraged. For individuals, it means committing to regular reading, applying strategies, and being curious about language and meaning.

In conclusion, reading comprehension is a cornerstone of literacy. It involves more than decoding words—it requires thinking, analyzing, and connecting ideas. With consistent practice and thoughtful strategies, anyone can improve their comprehension skills and open doors to greater knowledge, success, and personal growth.

____________________________________________________________________________________________AEC

                       

Major 5 assignment

    🟫 Major 5 assignment 

        🔹 Parmar Khushi j.

        🔹SY BA English 

        🔹 Maharani shree nandkumar arts and commerce college.

  

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                Class assignment 

🟫 Literature is an interpretation of life

Literature is an interpretation of life as it shapes itself in the mind of the writer,

and when we describe something as poetical, we mean it is emotional and

imaginative. This can apply to anything—a person, a book, a picture, or an idea.

Poetical interpretation means treating life's facts, experiences, and problems

with a focus on emotions and imagination, transforming realities and giving

form to abstract ideas. This explains why many definitions of poetry emphasize

emotional and imaginative aspects. However, while imagination and feeling are

essential to poetry, they alone do not make something poetry. These qualities

can exist in poetic prose, which remains prose despite its poetic attributes.

Poetry specifically combines these qualities with a certain form of expression,

namely rhythmic language or meter. Without rhythm, we might have the spiritstill left with our personal impressions of mystery and beauty. These

impressions remain with us and are often intensified by scientific explanations.

Poetry, in contrast, engages with these emotional and spiritual responses to the

world. It captures and interprets the beauty and mystery of things as they affect

us emotionally. For instance, while a gardener might call a flower a "lily" and a

botanist might describe its scientific classification, poetry might speak of the

flower as "the lady of the garden" or "the plant and flower of light," revealing its

deeper emotional and imaginative significance. Poetry, thus, complements

science by exploring the emotional and aesthetic dimensions that science does

not cover.

Poetry and science offer different perspectives on the world, emphasising their

distinct roles and contributions.

Science deals with the world objectively, focusing on facts, classification, and

explanations. For example, scientists can provide detailed information about a

flower's structure and classification, offering a rational and systematic

understanding.

However, this scientific approach, while valuable, does not fully capture the

emotional and aesthetic experience of the flower. Science might explain what a

flower is and how it functions, but it doesn’t convey the beauty and emotional

impact we experience when we see it.

Poetry, on the other hand, engages with the world through imagination and

feelings. It captures the essence of how we perceive and respond to things

emotionally. For instance, while a botanist might describe a flower in technical

terms, a poet might express its beauty in a way that resonates with our emotions

and senses.

Matthew Arnold points out that poetry's power lies in its ability to awaken a

deep, intimate sense of things, beyond what scientific explanations can

provide. For example, Shakespeare’s descriptions of daffodils or Wordsworth’s

portrayal of nature evoke a rich emotional experience that science cannot fully

achieve.

While science helps us understand the factual and physical aspects of the

world, poetry gives us a deeper, emotional connection to it. Both have theirown important roles, but they approach the world in fundamentally different

ways.

It is a common misconception to assume that a poet's focus on the beauty and

emotional resonance of their subject means they are free from the obligation to

adhere to objective reality. In truth, poetic greatness relies on a clear and

accurate vision of the world. While a poet like Oliver Wendell Holmes might

infuse a crocus with imaginative charm by calling it "spenthrift" with a "cup of

gold," this description is flawed for those who know the crocus well, as it is

neither spendthrift nor golden. Similarly, Milton’s natural imagery in

"L'Allegro" and "Il Penseroso" has been criticized for inaccuracies, such as

describing the eglantine as twisted or the reed as balmy, reflecting a lack of

precise botanical knowledge. Despite the use of imaginative language, the

accuracy of natural detail is crucial. Imaginative handling should enhance, not

distort, the truth of the natural world. Thus, while poetry often involves

imaginative interpretation, it must still be grounded in a faithful representation

of natural facts.

In contrast to Milton's occasional inaccuracies and conventionalisms, we can

observe the meticulous detail that often defines Tennyson's portrayal of nature.

For instance, Tennyson's lines such as "More black than ashbuds in the front of

March," and "A crowd of hopes, / That sought to ow themselves like winged

seeds," demonstrate a careful and precise observation of natural phenomena.

Similarly, his depiction of a woman's hair "In gloss and hue the chestnut, when

the shell / Divides threefold to show the fruit within," and his observation that

"In the spring a fuller crimson comes upon the robin's breast," reveal a deep

attention to detail and accuracy. These examples highlight how Tennyson's work

often combines imaginative expression with a faithful representation of the

natural world, contrasting with the occasional inaccuracies found in Milton's

descriptions.

The poet's fidelity (accuracy and faithfulness in representing reality) to

objective reality (The world as it exists independently of personal feelings or

perceptions) is crucial, even as he employs imagination to render nature and

human experience. The principle that poetic imagination should transfigure

rather than distort reality is essential. Bacon's notion of poetry as mere

"feigning" must be refined: while imagination can transform our perception ofthe world, it should not misrepresent (To give a false or misleading account of

something) it. This distinction between justified poetic transformation and

misrepresentation is nuanced and complex. For instance, Ruskin's criticism of

the "pathetic fallacy,"(Attributing human emotions or characteristics to nature)

or projecting human emotions onto nature, illustrates this difficulty. While

Ruskin critiques Kingsley’s description of foam as "cruel" and "crawling" and

Keats’s depiction of a wave’s foam as "wayward" and "indolent," arguing that

these descriptions distort (To alter something in a way that misrepresents it)

natural facts, he acknowledges that these portrayals reflect emotional truths

and enhance the poetic expression. This indicates poetic truth,(realities about

human emotions and experiences) which involves subjective interpretations

(Personal and emotional perspectives on reality) of nature, is valid when it

faithfully conveys human emotions without distorting the essence of the natural

world. Therefore, the translation of natural facts into emotional terms is

acceptable as long as the emotions are genuine(Authentic or real, as opposed to

false or insincere) and contextually appropriate (Suitable or fitting for the

situation or context in which it is used), ensuring the vision remains true to both

the object and the poet’s experience.

In conclusion Poetry plays a crucial role in helping us see and appreciate the

world more deeply. It reveals the beauty and meaning in life and nature that we

might otherwise miss. Many people have some poetic insight, but everyday

concerns often limit this ability. True poets, however, have a special talent for

seeing and expressing beauty and meaning in a powerful way. They help us

break out of our routine and notice the wonders around us that we might take for

granted. This is why poets are often seen as guides who help us rediscover the

wonder and beauty in the world.

To systematically study poetry, we first need to understand its main types:

personal (or subjective) poetry and impersonal (or objective) poetry.

                             

____________________________________________________________________________________________

            Home assignment 

                  

       🟫 Classification of poetry

                   Basically Hudson defines poetry in two major types: 1) Subjective or

personal poetry - personal experience, emotions, feelings and pet

idea in his personal life,rson or aboutHe defines poetry as "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings;

it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity." For example -

Daffodils.

2) Objective and Impersonal poetry:

In this kind of Poetry the poet tries to view the experience of the world as third

person or a particular event.

T.S Eliot wrote this kind of Poetry,

Poetry is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality.

Definition: Personal poetry centres on the poet’s internal experiences, thoughts,

and emotions. It often explores the poet's personal feelings and perspectives.

Types:

🔹1. Lyrics poetry : Originally meant poetry set to music with a lyre or harp, in

modern usage it refers to poetry focusing on personal feelings rather than

storytelling or dramatic situations.

○ Friendly or Celebration Lyrics: These poems celebrate joyous

occasions, festivities, and social gatherings, often with a

light-hearted tone.

○ Love Lyrics: These explore various aspects of love, including

passion, longing, joy, and sorrow.

○ Patriotic Lyrics: Poems that express national pride or reflect on

the poet’s relationship with their country.

○ Religious Lyrics: These poems deal with spiritual themes,

religious experiences, and divine contemplation.

○ Other Personal Themes: Includes any poetry reflecting personal

experiences, emotions, or thoughts, such as personal reflection,

grief, or joy.

Principles for Lyric Poetry:

🔹1 emotions : xamine the type and quality of emotion conveyed. The poem

should express feelings in a way that resonates and feels authentic.

🔹2. Sincerity : The effectiveness of a lyric poem often depends on how

sincerely and convincingly it communicates its emotional content.

           🔹3.Language and Imagery : Look for beauty and vividness in the language

and imagery. The choice of words and the use of imagery should enhance

the poem’s emotional impact and be appropriate for its subject.

🔹4. Brevity and Condensation: Effective lyrics are often concise and

focused. Overly elaborate language or excessive detail can diminish the

poem's emotional power. The ability to convey deep feelings in a compact

form is a hallmark of strong lyric poetry.

Impersonal (Objective) Poetry

Definition: Impersonal poetry focuses on the external world and broader themes

rather than the poet’s personal feelings. It often involves storytelling or dramatic

elements.

Types:

● Epic Poetry: Long narrative poems that tell stories of heroic deeds and

significant events, often with a focus on historical or legendary subjects.

● Dramatic Poetry: Includes plays and monologues where characters

express their thoughts and feelings in a structured dramatic form.

Comparison:

● Personal Poetry: Centers on the poet’s personal perspective and

emotions, aiming to communicate individual feelings and experiences.

● Impersonal Poetry: Focuses more on external events and universal

themes, presenting a broader view of life and the world.

Importance: Both types of poetry play crucial roles in literature. Personal

poetry allows readers to connect deeply with individual experiences and

emotions, while impersonal poetry offers a broader view of human experience

and the world. Understanding these distinctions helps in analyzing and

appreciating the diverse ways poetry can express and explore human experience.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

                          Essay 

              

              🟫 Elements of Poetry

Alliteration is a repetition of the same consonant sounds in a sequence of words, usually at the 

beginning of a word or stressed syllable: “descending dew drops;” “luscious lemons.”

Alliteration is based on the sounds of letters, rather than the spelling of words; for example,

“keen” and “car” alliterate, but “car” and “cite” do not.

Assonance is the repetition of similar internal vowel sounds in a sentence or a line of poetry, as

in “I rose and told him of my woe.”

Figurative language is a form of language use in which the writers and speakers mean

something other than the literal meaning. of their words. Two figures of speech that.  

particularly important for poetry are simile and metaphor. A simile involves a comparison

between unlike things using like or as. For instance, “My love is like a red, red rose.” A

metaphor is a comparison between essentially unlike things without a word such as like or as.

For example, “My love is a red, red rose.” Synecdoche is a type of metaphor in which part of

something is used to signify the whole, as when a gossip is called a “wagging tongue.”

Metonymy is a type of metaphor in which something closely associated with a subject is

substituted for it, such as saying the “silver screen” to mean motion pictures.

Imagery is the concrete representation of a sense impression, feeling, or idea that triggers our

imaginative ere-enactment of a sensory experience. Images may be visual (something seen),

aural (something heard), tactile (something felt), olfactory (something smelled), or gustatory

(something tasted). Imagery may also refer to a pattern of related details in a poem.

Rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar concluding syllables in different words, most

often at the ends of lines. Rhyme is predominantly a function of sound rather than spelling; thus,

words that end with the same vowel sounds rhyme, for instance, day, prey, bouquet, weigh, and

words with the same consonant ending rhyme, for instance vain, rein, lane. The rhyme scheme

of a poem, describes the pattern of end rhymes. Rhyme schemes are mapped out by noting

patterns of rhyme with small letters: the first rhyme sound is designated a, the second becomes

b, the third c, and so on.

Rhythm is the term used to refer to the recurrence of stressed and unstressed sounds in poetry.

Poets rely heavily on rhythm to express meaning and convey feeling. Caesura is a strong pause

within a line of poetry that contributes to the rhythm of the line. When a line has a pause at its

end, it is called an end-stopped line. Such pauses reflect normal speech patterns and are often

marked by punctuation. A line that ends without a pause and continues into the next line for its

meaning is called a run-on line or enjambment.

Stanza is a grouping of lines, set off by a space, which usually has a set pattern of meter and

rhyme.

Tone conveys the speaker’s implied attitude toward the poem’s subject. Tone is an abstraction

we make from the details of a poem’s language: the use of meter and rhyme (or lack of them);

the inclusion of certain kinds of details and exclusion of other kinds; particular choices of words

and sentence pattern, or imagery and figurative language (diction). Another important element

of tone is the order of words in sentences, phrases, or clauses (syntax).

  major 5